What is a hate crime? Who do they happen to, and how do they impact?
A note from Helidth :
This episode is going to be followed by two weeks holiday for Anthropology of Crime, as I am currently engaged in the active part of a cultural heritage project (Voies Vertes Green Routes Project). But we’ll be right back in September with more content, so enjoy the end of your summer and see you then! 🙂
This episode was researched, written and narrated by me, Helidth Ravenholm
Sound editing and technical support was done by C. Reid
Music by LiteSaturation and Ashot Danielyan on Pixabay
Show Notes:
https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/more-fbi-services-and-information/ucr/hate-crime
https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2019/May/28th-crime-commission-to-address-crime-motivated-by-intolerance-or-discrimination.html
https://fra.europa.eu/en/themes/hate-crime
https://www.scotland.police.uk/advice-and-information/hate-crime/what-is-hate-crime
https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2021/11/30/gender-based-hate-crime-conflict/
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1557085120957731
https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c6p20dl71jpo
https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/radical-right-vs-radical-left-terrorist-theory-and-threat
For Far-Left and Dark Green violence, see :
https://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/EN/Our-role/terrorism/Linksextremistischer-Terrorismus_en/linksextremistischer-terrorismus_node.html
https://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/EN/Our-role/terrorism/Internationaler-Terrorismus-mit-linksextremistischem-oder-separatistischem-Hintergrund_en/internationaler-terrorismus-mit-linksextremistischem-oder-separatistischem-hintergrund_node.html
https://romatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/06.Drivers-of-far-left-extremism-Antonelli-Rosato-e-Musolino.pdf
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/neofascist-and-far-left-terrorists-in-italy-some-biographical-observations/6A15986DF1AD8F36E88B9194EAA5E99F
https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/EN/topics/left-wing-extremism/left-wing-extremism_node.html
https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/spikes-bombs-rise-eco-terrorism
For Far-Right and Religious Extremism, see :
https://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/EN/Our-role/terrorism/Rechtsextremistischer-Terrorismus_en/rechtsextremistischer-Terrorismus_node.html
https://www.csis.org/analysis/escalating-terrorism-problem-united-states
https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/EN/topics/right-wing-extremism/right-wing-extremism_node.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8211158/ – Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study
https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/Discussion%20Paper%20-%20Preventing%20Violent%20Extremism%20by%20Promoting%20Inclusive%20%20Development.pdf
https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-criminol-022422-121713
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jols.12491?af=R
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/13505068231164217
**Countries that have a long-term, long-lasting forced governance :
Under this description, this podcast includes countries where a coup, conflict or any form violent or other takeover (i.e. non-accepted/non-democratic method of achieving governance) established a country that is held predominantly or fully under a form of authoritarianism. This may be under a theocracy (eg Iran), “classic” authoritarian governance of a single leader and/or their family and close associates (eg North Korea), military rule (eg Myanmar) or a seeming democracy where some democratic participation exists but is determined, highly limited and curtailed by the person or persons in control(eg some African countries). There are also cases where multiple factors may be present. While this state can last, it can also change very quickly. Moreover, in general, human rights tend to be poorly taken care of, with hate and othering structured into the country (eg women’s rights, ethnic and religious minority rights, etc.) and many people under such rule tend towards democratic or democratic-resembling change, while others embrace it, and actively utilise and support Othering that enables abuse.